Microsoft

Microsoft included Teams by default in Office 365 and Microsoft 365. The European Commission preliminarily found that this amounted to tying since at least April 2019 and issued a Statement of Objections on June 25, 2024. On September 12, 2025, it accepted commitments: suites without Teams at a lower price, a price gap Microsoft widened by 50% for some suites after a market test, plus interoperability and data export for rivals, binding for seven years or ten for interoperability and portability. Slack and alfaview then withdrew their complaints.

In United States v. Microsoft, the district court found that Windows held more than 95% of the market for Intel-compatible operating systems, and that its position rested on an applications barrier to entry. Windows supported more than 70,000 applications; IBM’s OS/2 peaked at about 2,500. The appeals court accepted that consumers value applications they may never use, because a large catalog assures them their future needs will be met.